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- COVER STORY, Page 48ROSS PEROTMaking Sense of the Polls
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- By LAURENCE I. BARRETT/WASHINGTON
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- "PEROT LEADS IN NEW POLL" has become so frequent a bulletin
- that the Texas billionaire's image has changed from interesting
- maverick to serious presidential contender. If Ross Perot does
- endure as a major force into autumn, one large reason will be
- the opinion surveys of spring, despite their notorious fragility
- during this period. Says pollster Peter Hart: "More than any
- other person I can think of in American politics, Perot has been
- aided and abetted by the polls."
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- Headlines trumpeting Perot's apparent popularity offset
- what is normally a huge liability for a little-known
- independent -- skepticism that he has any chance to win. In
- Perot's case, poll results feed on themselves. High ratings help
- beget higher ratings even while he remains an elusive figure who
- declines to state his views.
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- Yet the numbers that seem firm can be illusory, as a
- survey by the Times Mirror Center for The People & The Press
- showed last week. To explore the quirkiness of the public's
- mood, the center matched Operation Desert Storm hero Norman
- Schwarzkopf against George Bush and Bill Clinton. The retired
- Army general placed second, with 29%, vs. 35% for Bush and 27%
- for Clinton. Andrew Kohut, who ran the poll, thinks that result
- "underscores the difficulty of judging how much of Perot's
- standing is really support for Perot rather than a yearning for
- a nonpolitical alternative." In another experiment, Kohut found
- that Perot fell from first place to second in a three-way test
- when the questionnaire omitted a preliminary item comparing only
- Bush and Clinton. When confronted solely with choosing among
- the trio, some voters apmove from Perot to "undecided." When
- opinion is in as mercurial a phase as it is now, small changes
- in polling methods affect results.
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- Such nuances are familiar to pollsters and political
- reporters but meaningto the public. Also opaque are differences
- between types of surveys. Perot got a large boost earlier this
- month when, in the final round of primaries, the networks
- included his name in exit polls -- interviews with those who
- have just cast ballots. Such samplings usually provide reliable
- demographic data and allow speedy projection of the winners. But
- those who come out for primary elections are not representative
- of the larger electorate.
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- It is also risky, in terms of eliciting firm opinion, to
- mix questions about what people have just done in voting booths
- and what they would do in a different election. And Perot, who
- had not run in the primaries, had been spared the criticism and
- intense scrutiny inflicted on the active candidates. His strong
- showing in the exit polls so dominated news coverage that he won
- a publicity victory in contests he had not entered.
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- Even in more serene elections early polls often prove
- ephemeral, because voters' preferences are, in pollsterspeak,
- "lightly held." In 1988 Michael Dukakis' 17-point lead over
- George Bush disappeared in a twinkle. This year the public's
- extraordinarily sour mood makes horse-race numbers still more
- suspect. "In this atmosphere," says Everett Carll Ladd, director
- of the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, "polls often
- become a source of misinformation rather than insight into
- what's happening."
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